Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

Exp. Biol. Med. 2001;226:963-977
© 2001 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

 

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Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

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Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

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SYMPOSIA


Peter J. Havel1


Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616

Numerous peripheral signals contribute to the regulation offood intake and energy homeostasis. Mechano- and chemoreceptorssignaling the presence and energy density of food in the gastrointestinal(GI) tract contribute to satiety in the immediate postprandialperiod. Changes in circulating glucose concentrations appearto elicit meal initiation and termination by regulating activityof specific hypothalamic neurons that respond to glucose. Othernutrients (e.g., amino acids and fatty acids) and GI peptidehormones, most notably cholecystokinin, are also involved inshort-term regulation of food intake. However, the energy densityof food and short-term hormonal signals by themselves are insufficientto produce sustained changes in energy balance and body adiposity.Rather, these signals interact with long-term regulators (i.e.,insulin, leptin, and possibly the orexigenic gastric peptide,ghrelin) to maintain energy homeostasis. Insulin and leptinare transported into the brain where they modulate expressionof hypothalamic neuropeptides known to regulate feeding behaviorand body weight. Circulating insulin and leptin concentrationsare proportional to body fat content; however, their secretionand circulating levels are also influenced by recent energyintake and dietary macronutrient content. Insulin and leptinconcentrations decrease during fasting and energy-restricteddiets, independent of body fat changes, ensuring that feedingis triggered before body energy stores become depleted. Dietaryfat and fructose do not stimulate insulin secretion and leptinproduction. Therefore, attenuated production of insulin andleptin could lead to increased energy intake and contributeto weight gain and obesity during long-term consumption of dietshigh in fat and/or fructose. Transcription of the leptin geneand leptin secretion are regulated by insulin-mediated increasesof glucose utilization and appear to require aerobic metabolismof glucose beyond pyruvate. Other adipocyte-derived hormonesand proteins that regulate adipocyte metabolism, including acylationstimulating protein, adiponectin, diacylglycerol acyltransferase,and perilipin, are likely to have significant roles in energyhomeostasis.

Keywords: glucose, gastrointestinal peptides, cholecystokinin, ghrelin, insulin, adipose tissue, leptin, acylation stimulating protein, adiponectin



1 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed at Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616. E-mail: pjhavel{at}ucdavis.edu

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Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

J. Calissendorff, O. Danielsson, K. Brismar, and S. Rojdmark
Inhibitory effect of alcohol on ghrelin secretion in normal man

Eur. J. Endocrinol.,

May 1, 2005;

152(5):

743 – 747.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

C. C. Taylor and M. S. Allen
Corn Grain Endosperm Type and Brown Midrib 3 Corn Silage: Feeding Behavior and Milk Yield of Lactating Cows

J Dairy Sci,

April 1, 2005;

88(4):

1425 – 1433.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
C. Cruciani-Guglielmacci, M. Vincent-Lamon, C. Rouch, M. Orosco, A. Ktorza, and C. Magnan
Early changes in insulin secretion and action induced by high-fat diet are related to a decreased sympathetic tone

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,

January 1, 2005;

288(1):

E148 – E154.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
K. Spiegel, R. Leproult, M. L’Hermite-Baleriaux, G. Copinschi, P. D. Penev, and E. Van Cauter
Leptin Levels Are Dependent on Sleep Duration: Relationships with Sympathovagal Balance, Carbohydrate Regulation, Cortisol, and Thyrotropin

J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,

November 1, 2004;

89(11):

5762 – 5771.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
M. M. Chi, G. Fan, and E. A. Fox
Increased short-term food satiation and sensitivity to cholecystokinin in neurotrophin-4 knock-in mice

Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol,

November 1, 2004;

287(5):

R1044 – R1053.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
U. Hanusch-Enserer, E. Cauza, G. Brabant, A. Dunky, H. Rosen, G. Pacini, H. Tuchler, R. Prager, and M. Roden
Plasma Ghrelin in Obesity before and after Weight Loss after Laparoscopical Adjustable Gastric Banding

J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,

July 1, 2004;

89(7):

3352 – 3358.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
C. de Graaf, W. A. Blom, P. A. Smeets, A. Stafleu, and H. F. Hendriks
Biomarkers of satiation and satiety

Am. J. Clinical Nutrition,

June 1, 2004;

79(6):

946 – 961.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
K. L. Teff, S. S. Elliott, M. Tschop, T. J. Kieffer, D. Rader, M. Heiman, R. R. Townsend, N. L. Keim, D. D’Alessio, and P. J. Havel
Dietary Fructose Reduces Circulating Insulin and Leptin, Attenuates Postprandial Suppression of Ghrelin, and Increases Triglycerides in Women

J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,

June 1, 2004;

89(6):

2963 – 2972.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
T. L. Horvath, S. Diano, and M. Tschop
Brain Circuits Regulating Energy Homeostasis

Neuroscientist,

June 1, 2004;

10(3):

235 – 246.

[Abstract]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

M. P. Davis, R. Dreicer, D. Walsh, R. Lagman, and S. B. LeGrand
Appetite and Cancer-Associated Anorexia: A Review

J. Clin. Oncol.,

April 15, 2004;

22(8):

1510 – 1517.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

M. Calvani, A. Scarfone, L. Granato, E. V. Mora, G. Nanni, M. Castagneto, A. V. Greco, M. Manco, and G. Mingrone
Restoration of Adiponectin Pulsatility in Severely Obese Subjects After Weight Loss

Diabetes,

April 1, 2004;

53(4):

939 – 947.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
G. H. Anderson and S. E. Moore
Dietary Proteins in the Regulation of Food Intake and Body Weight in Humans

J. Nutr.,

April 1, 2004;

134(4):

974S – 979S.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

P. J. Havel
Update on Adipocyte Hormones: Regulation of Energy Balance and Carbohydrate/Lipid Metabolism

Diabetes,

February 1, 2004;

53(90001):

S143 – 151.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
T. Forrester
Historic and Early Life Origins of Hypertension in Africans

J. Nutr.,

January 1, 2004;

134(1):

211 – 216.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

C. Anderwald, G. Brabant, E. Bernroider, R. Horn, A. Brehm, W. Waldhausl, and M. Roden
Insulin-Dependent Modulation of Plasma Ghrelin and Leptin Concentrations Is Less Pronounced in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Diabetes,

July 1, 2003;

52(7):

1792 – 1798.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
M. Faraj, P. J. Havel, S. Phelis, D. Blank, A. D. Sniderman, and K. Cianflone
Plasma Acylation-Stimulating Protein, Adiponectin, Leptin, and Ghrelin before and after Weight Loss Induced by Gastric Bypass Surgery in Morbidly Obese Subjects

J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,

April 1, 2003;

88(4):

1594 – 1602.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

C. P. Lambert, D. H. Sullivan, and W. J. Evans
Effects of Testosterone Replacement and/or Resistance Training on Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, and Leptin in Elderly Men Ingesting Megestrol Acetate: A Randomized Controlled Trial

J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,

February 1, 2003;

58(2):

M165 – M170.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
H. Hosoda, M. Kojima, and K. Kangawa
Ghrelin and the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Balance

Mol. Interv.,

December 1, 2002;

2(8):

494 – 503.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
S. S Elliott, N. L Keim, J. S Stern, K. Teff, and P. J Havel
Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome

Am. J. Clinical Nutrition,

November 1, 2002;

76(5):

911 – 922.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

D. Hamerman
Molecular-Based Therapeutic Approaches in Treatment of Anorexia of Aging and Cancer Cachexia

J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,

August 1, 2002;

57(8):

M511 – M518.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
F. W. Booth, M. V. Chakravarthy, S. E. Gordon, and E. E. Spangenburg
Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy

J Appl Physiol,

July 1, 2002;

93(1):

3 – 30.

[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

B.A. Horwitz
Introduction: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Genetics of Body Weight/Adiposity Regulation

Exp Biol Med,

December 1, 2001;

226(11):

961 – 962.

[Full Text]
[PDF]

Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis
Peripheral Signals Conveying Metabolic Information to the Brain: Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

 



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